Ultraviolet exposure of competitors during a Tokyo Olympic Sailing Regatta Test Event.

BACKGROUND: Overexposure to sunlight is the main cause of skin cancer. Photoprotection practices and sunburn play a crucial role in skin cancer prevention. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to quantify the risk of sun exposure and to evaluate photoprotection practices in Spanish sailors during Olympic competitions. METHODS: Solar daily ultraviolet (UV) radiation cycle, personal UV dosimetry, photoprotection practices and sunburn checking were followed during three consecutive days of competition among sailors from the Spanish Olympic Sailing Team during a Tokyo Olympic Regatta Test Event. RESULTS: A total of 13 sailors (7 women), with mean age of 27.6 ± 4.7 years and sports experience of 17.7 ± 5.4 years, were studied. The most common phototypes were type III (53.8%) and type II (38.5%). The rate of sunburn checked was high (46.2%). The mean daily personal UV exposure received was 761.0 ± 263.6 J/m2 , 3.0 ± 1.1 minimal erythemal dose and 7.6 ± 2.6 standard erythemal dose, seven times greater than the maximum permissible UV light exposure values for an 8 h working day. The use of a T-shirt was the most common practice (94.2%), followed by the use of shade (50.2%), hat/cap (44.0%), sunglasses (26.1%) and sunscreen (11.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Olympic sailor's studies presented high levels of UV radiation received, high rate of sunburn and insufficient adherence to sun-protective behaviours (especially, to use of sunscreen) to prevent sunburn, the main cause of skin cancer. Sport Federations should develop educational campaigns addressing sun-related exposure habits and photoprotection behaviours to reduce the risk of skin cancer among these athletes.

Sun Exposure and Photoprotection: Habits, Knowledge and Attitudes Among Elite Kitesurfers.

Kitesurfing is one of many water sports that are growing in popularity throughout the world. In such sports, practitioners are exposed not only to direct sunlight but also to reflection from the water surface, which aggravates the impact of solar radiation on the skin. This study sought to analyse the photoprotection and photoexposure habits and knowledge of elite kitesurfers and their beliefs and attitudes in this respect. A sample of convenience of 72 male kitesurfers completed a validated questionnaire in full. By Fitzpatrick phototype, the most common classes were types I and II (69.4%). On average, kitesurfers had been practising their sport for 10.93 years, at a rate of 13.93 h per week. During the last sports season, 84.7% of respondents had suffered at least one sunburn, while 43.1% had been sunburned at least three times. The sun protection practice most commonly adopted was the use of sunscreen cream, which was used by 79.2% of respondents. Although 43.2% of respondents recognized to be worried about they might get skin cancer from the sun, 31.9% does not like using sunscreen and 44.4% like sunbathing. Regarding the respondents' knowledge of facts about sun exposure, the average rate of correct answers for the items evaluated was 66.9%. In conclusion, elite kitesurfers are potentially exposed to dangerous levels of UV radiation, which caused numerous sunburn episodes during the last sports season. It is necessary to raise these athletes' awareness of their risk of developing skin cancer and of the need to improve their sun protection and skin surveillance practices.

Antioxidants Markers of Professional Soccer Players During the Season and their Relationship with Competitive Performance.

The aim of this study was to assess antioxidant markers before and after a mid-season of professional soccer players from the 3rd Spanish Division, and to correlate antioxidant markers with competitive performance. Sixty-five male players (age = 25.3 ± 4.2 yr, body mass = 73.2 ± 6.7 kg, body height = 177.8 ± 5.7 cm) from three soccer clubs from Cádiz (Spain) participated in the study. Body composition, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), and baseline antioxidant blood markers (Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Reduced glutathione/Oxidized glutathione ratio) were assessed in the first week of the championship season (pre-test) and after 18 weeks in the mid-season (post-test). Soccer performance was registered according to the official classification ranking at both the mid-season and at the end of the season; ranking positions for Team A were 2nd and 1st, for Team B were 5th and 5th, while for Team C were 12th and 14th, respectively. Regression analyses showed that TAS and VO2max were able to independently predict (p < 0.05) performance in our participants. Moreover, antioxidant levels showed significant main effects on performance (p < 0.001); where a higher antioxidant capacity was observed in the best performance soccer team, both before and after the mid-season. Notwithstanding, the competitive period compromised the antioxidant status since TAS levels significantly decreased after the 18-week training program and competition compared with baseline values in all soccer teams (p < 0.001). These results suggest the need of monitoring antioxidants in soccer players to prevent excessive oxidative stress and cellular damage which could compromise success in competition, by adjusting the training loads, diet or ergogenic aids, if needed.

Photoprotection practices, knowledge and sun-related skin damage in Spanish beach handball players.

BACKGROUND: Outdoor sports are a risk activity for skin cancer, especially if adequate sun protection measures are not used. The aim of this study is to examine the photoprotection habits of outdoor (beach) handball players, and to determine the relation between duration of sports practice, photoprotection behaviour and sun-related damage to the skin. METHODS: This cross-sectional study is based on a health survey of sun exposure and protection habits and practices conducted among beach handball players in southern Spain. This survey provided data for a descriptive and comparative analysis, by groups and gender, of photoprotection and skin self-examination practices. RESULTS: Among the whole sample, 76.9% had suffered at least one sunburn event during the last year. By groups, 73.97% of the older participants (Group I, University students) and 81.25% of the younger ones (Group II, youngers players) reported this outcome, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.003). With respect to photoprotection, 68.5% of the players in group I and 66.7% of those in group II used sun cream with a protection factor of 30 or higher, although 52.1% of group I and 35.4% of group II did not reapply it. As concerns self-examination, 94.5% of group I and 87.5% of group II had not examined their body for skin damage during the previous year. Medical examination revealed the presence of lentigines and freckles among many players, with no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Beach handball players are highly exposed to the effects of ultraviolet radiation and often take insufficient measures of sun protection. Programmes should be designed and implemented to raise awareness among adolescent and young adult sport competitors of the risks of skin cancer associated with their sports activity and to encourage them to improve their photoprotection and skin monitoring practices.

Actitudes y percepción del profesorado de centros educativos públicos sobre la atención a alumnos con diabetes tipo 1 / Teachers' attitudes and perceptions about preparation of public schools to assist students with type 1 diabetes

Objetivo: Evaluar las actitudes y la percepción del profesorado sobre la preparación de los centros públicos de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria del área del Hospital Universitario Puerto Real para atender a alumnos con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se analizan las respuestas a un cuestionario de actitud y percepción sobre la preparación del centro educativo (17 preguntas) para la atención de los alumnos con DM1 de 765 profesores (edad media: 44,3±8,8 años; 61,7% mujeres) de 44 centros educativos públicos del área del Hospital Universitario Puerto Real (Cádiz, España) seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio. Resultados: El 43,2% había tenido o tiene actualmente alumnos con DM1 y solo el 0,8% reconoce haber recibido formación sobre diabetes. El 18,9% refería que alguno de sus alumnos con DM1 había experimentado al menos un episodio de hipoglucemia en el colegio (el 42,5% de los profesores que tienen o han tenido alumnos con DM1) y la mitad opinaba que su centro educativo no está capacitado para atender las urgencias diabéticas. El 6,4% refería que su centro dispone de glucagón en su equipo de primeros auxilios y el 46,9% estaría dispuesto a administrarlo personalmente. Las mujeres, los profesores de educación física y los directores mostraron una percepción más positiva del centro educativo con respecto a sus compañeros. Los profesores con percepción positiva de la preparación del centro y con actitud positiva para administrar glucagón eran significativamente más jóvenes que aquellos con percepción y actitud no positiva. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio orientan a que los profesores de los centros educativos públicos de nuestra área sanitaria no han sido formados específicamente en la atención a pacientes con DM1 y perciben que sus centros educativos no están capacitados para atender urgencias diabéticas (AU)

Objective: To assess teachers' attitudes and perceptions about preparation of public primary and secondary education schools in the Puerto Real University Hospital (Cádiz, Spain) area to care for students with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) Methods: A descriptive observational study where answers to an attitude and perception questionnaire on the preparation of schools to care for pupils with T1DM were analyzed. A total of 765 teachers (mean age, 44.3±8.8 years; 61.7% women) from 44 public schools in the area of the Puerto Real University Hospital were selected by random sampling. Results: Overall, 43.2% of teachers surveyed had or had previously had students with T1DM, but only 0.8% had received specific training on diabetes. 18.9% of teachers reported that one of their students with T1DM had experienced at least one episode of hypoglycemia at school, and half of them felt that their school was not prepared to deal with diabetic emergencies. 6.4% stated that their school had glucagon in its first aid kit, and 46.9% would be willing to administer it personally. Women, physical education teachers, and headmasters had a more positive perception of the school than their colleagues. Teachers with a positive perception of school preparation and with a positive attitude to administer glucagon were significantly younger than those with no positive perception and attitude. Conclusions: The study results suggest that teachers of public schools in our health area have not been specifically trained in the care of patients with T1DM and perceive that their educational centers are not qualified to address diabetic emergencies (AU)

Teachers' attitudes and perceptions about preparation of public schools to assist students with type 1 diabetes. / Actitudes y percepción del profesorado de centros educativos públicos sobre la atención a alumnos con diabetes tipo 1.

OBJECTIVE: To assess teachers' attitudes and perceptions about preparation of public primary and secondary education schools in the Puerto Real University Hospital (Cádiz, Spain) area to care for students with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) METHODS: A descriptive observational study where answers to an attitude and perception questionnaire on the preparation of schools to care for pupils with T1DM were analyzed. A total of 765 teachers (mean age, 44.3±8.8 years; 61.7% women) from 44 public schools in the area of the Puerto Real University Hospital were selected by random sampling. RESULTS: Overall, 43.2% of teachers surveyed had or had previously had students with T1DM, but only 0.8% had received specific training on diabetes. 18.9% of teachers reported that one of their students with T1DM had experienced at least one episode of hypoglycemia at school, and half of them felt that their school was not prepared to deal with diabetic emergencies. 6.4% stated that their school had glucagon in its first aid kit, and 46.9% would be willing to administer it personally. Women, physical education teachers, and headmasters had a more positive perception of the school than their colleagues. Teachers with a positive perception of school preparation and with a positive attitude to administer glucagon were significantly younger than those with no positive perception and attitude. CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that teachers of public schools in our health area have not been specifically trained in the care of patients with T1DM and perceive that their educational centers are not qualified to address diabetic emergencies.

High prevalence of inactivity among young patients with type 1 diabetes in south Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To describe usual physical activity level and analyze its association with metabolic control and presence of microvascular complications in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes (DM-1) in south Spain. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional study that included one hundred thirty patients, aged 33.9 ± 11.5 years-old with disease duration of 16.5 ± 9.5 years that consecutively were recruited among patients attending the Endocrinology Service of Puerta del Mar University Hospital (Cádiz, Spain). Usual physical activity level was assessed using the "General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire" (GPPAQ) together with clinical, anthropometric, metabolic parameters and microvascular complications. RESULTS: DM-1 patients were grouped in four categories of physical activity level: inactive (n = 33; 25.3%), moderately inactive (n = 31; 23.8%), moderately active (n = 26; 20.0%) and active (n = 40; 30.9%). We observed no significant differences in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level between the different physical activity groups analyzed. Patients classified as moderately active and active were more often men, significantly younger and presented lower plasmatic levels of triglycerides than patients classified as inactive or moderately inactive, with no differences in other clinical or anthropometric variables. In addition, active and moderately active patients had a lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and microvascular complications in general compared to inactive or moderately inactive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Half of patients with type 1 diabetes evaluated were classified as inactive and these patients had a higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy than active patients. No difference in HbA1c levels was documented among different groups of physical activity.

Objetivos: Describir el nivel de actividad física habitual y analizar su asociación con el control metabólico y la presencia de complicaciones microvasculares en una cohorte de pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DM-1) del sur de España. Métodos: Estudio transversal observacional que incluyó ciento treinta pacientes de 33,9 ± 11,5 años de edad y una duración de la enfermedad de 16,5 ± 9,5 años que fueron reclutados consecutivamente en el Servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar (Cádiz, España). El nivel de actividad física habitual fue evaluado utilizando el "General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire" (GPPAQ) conjuntamente con diversos parámetros clínicos, antropométricos, metabólicos y de complicaciones microvasculares. Resultados: Los pacientes con DM-1 fueron agrupados en cuatro categorías de nivel de actividad física: inactivo (n = 33; 25,3%), moderadamente inactivo (n = 31; 23,8%), moderadamente activo (n = 26; 20,0%) y activo (n = 40; 30,9%). No observamos diferencias significativas en el nivel de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) entre los diferentes grupos de actividad física analizados. Los pacientes clasificados como moderadamente activos y activos fueron con mayor probabilidad hombres, más jóvenes y con menores niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos que los pacientes clasificados como inactivos o moderadamente inactivos, sin encontrarse diferencias en otras variables clínicas o antropométricas. Adicionalmente, los pacientes activos y moderadamente activos tenían una menor prevalencia de retinopatía diabética y de complicaciones microvasculares en general comparados con los pacientes inactivos o moderadamente inactivos. Conclusiones: La mitad de los pacientes con DM-1 evaluados fueron clasificados como inactivos y estos pacientes tenían mayor prevalencia de retinopatía diabética que los pacientes activos. No fueron documentadas diferencias en los niveles de HbA1c entre los diferentes grupos de actividad física.

High prevalence of inactivity among young patients with type 1 diabetes in south Spain / Elevada prevalencia de inactividad física en pacientes jóvenes con diabetes tipo 1 del sur de España

Objectives: To describe usual physical activity level and analyze its association with metabolic control and presence of microvascular complications in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes (DM-1) in south Spain. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study that included one hundred thirty patients, aged 33.9 ± 11.5 years-old with disease duration of 16.5 ± 9.5 years that consecutively were recruited among patients attending the Endocrinology Service of Puerta del Mar University Hospital (Cádiz, Spain). Usual physical activity level was assessed using the «General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire» (GPPAQ) together with clinical, anthropometric, metabolic parameters and microvascular complications. Results: DM-1 patients were grouped in four categories of physical activity level: inactive (n = 33; 25.3%), moderately inactive (n = 31; 23.8%), moderately active (n = 26; 20.0%) and active (n = 40; 30.9%). We observed no significant differences in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level between the different physical activity groups analyzed. Patients classified as moderately active and active were more often men, significantly younger and presented lower plasmatic levels of triglycerides than patients classified as inactive or moderately inactive, with no differences in other clinical or anthropometric variables. In addition, active and moderately active patients had a lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and microvascular complications in general compared to inactive or moderately inactive patients. Conclusions: Half of patients with type 1 diabetes evaluated were classified as inactive and these patients had a higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy than active patients. No difference in HbA1c levels was documented among different groups of physical activity (AU)

Objetivos: Describir el nivel de actividad física habitual y analizar su asociación con el control metabólico y la presencia de complicaciones microvasculares en una cohorte de pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DM-1) del sur de España. Métodos: Estudio transversal observacional que incluyó ciento treinta pacientes de 33,9 ± 11,5 años de edad y una duración de la enfermedad de 16,5 ± 9,5 años que fueron reclutados consecutivamente en el Servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar (Cádiz, España). El nivel de actividad física habitual fue evaluado utilizando el «General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire» (GPPAQ) conjuntamente con diversos parámetros clínicos, antropométricos, metabólicos y de complicaciones microvasculares. Resultados: Los pacientes con DM-1 fueron agrupados en cuatro categorías de nivel de actividad física: inactivo (n = 33; 25,3%), moderadamente inactivo (n = 31; 23,8%), moderadamente activo (n = 26; 20,0%) y activo (n = 40; 30,9%). No observamos diferencias significativas en el nivel de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) entre los diferentes grupos de actividad física analizados. Los pacientes clasificados como moderadamente activos y activos fueron con mayor probabilidad hombres, más jóvenes y con menores niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos que los pacientes clasificados como inactivos o moderadamente inactivos, sin encontrarse diferencias en otras variables clínicas o antropométricas. Adicionalmente, los pacientes activos y moderadamente activos tenían una menor prevalencia de retinopatía diabética y de complicaciones microvasculares en general comparados con los pacientes inactivos o moderadamente inactivos. Conclusiones: La mitad de los pacientes con DM-1 evaluados fueron clasificados como inactivos y estos pacientes tenían mayor prevalencia de retinopatía diabética que los pacientes activos. No fueron documentadas diferencias en los niveles de HbA1c entre los diferentes grupos de actividad física (AU)

¿Qué variables se asocian con un buen control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1? / Which variables are associated with a good metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes?

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar las variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y de adherencia a estilos de vida saludable que se asocian con una HbA1c ≤ 7% en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en 130 pacientes de 33,7 ± 11,7 años de edad media. Se analizaron diversas variables clínicas, antropométricas, analíticas y de estilo de vida mediante la autocumplimentación de los cuestionarios «Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire» y «Adherencia a la Dieta Mediterránea». RESULTADOS: Los pacientes con HbA1c ≤ 7% (n = 39) dedicaron mayor tiempo a realizar actividad física (AF) (999,7 ± 538,6 versus 719,5 ± 386,0 versus 834,2 ± 512,7 min/AF/semana; p = 0,010) y AF intensa (180,6 ± 259,3 versus 80,4 ± 125,5 versus 104,3 ± 139,9 min/AF intensa/semana; p = 0,037), en comparación con pacientes con HbA1c entre 7-8% (n = 41) y superior al 8% (n = 50). Los pacientes con HbA1c ≤ 7% eran más frecuentemente licenciados (77%) en comparación con los otros grupos. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de HbA1c en función de la edad, el sexo, el tiempo de evolución, el índice de masa corporal, el número de hipoglucemias, la presencia de complicaciones o la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. En el análisis multivariante las variables independientemente asociadas con una HbA1c ≤ 7% fueron ser licenciado y realizar más de 150 min de actividad física intensa semanal. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con DM1 y HbA1c ≤ 7% de nuestro estudio son más frecuentemente licenciados y dedican más tiempo a realizar actividad física intensa que los pacientes con peor control metabólico (AU)

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and healthy lifestyle adherence variables that are associated with HbA1c ≤ 7% in patients with type 1 diabetes (DM-1). METHODS: A descriptive observational study was conducted in 130 patients with DM-1 of 33.7 ± 11.7 years old. Various clinical, anthropometric and analytical variables were analysed, together with the results of the "Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire" and "Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Questionnaire". RESULTS: Patients with HbA1c ≤ 7% (n = 39) spent more time on physical activity (PA) (999.7 ± 538.6 versus 719.5 ± 386.0 versus 834.2 ± 512.7 minutes/PA/week, P =0 .010) and intense PA (180.6 ± 80.4 versus 259.3 ± 125.5 versus 104.3 ± 139.9 minutes/PA intense/week, P = 0.037), compared with patients with HbA1c between 7-8% (n = 41) and higher than 8% (n = 50). Patients with HbA1c ≤ 7% were more likely to be college graduates (77%) than patients of other groups. There were no significant differences in HbA1c levels according to age, sex, diabetes evolution, body mass index, number of hypoglycaemia, presence of chronic complications, or adherence to the Mediterranean diet. In the multivariate analysis, the independent variables "college graduate" and "spent more than 150 minutes of intense physical activity a week" showed a significant association with the dependent variable "HbA1c ≤ 7%". CONCLUSIONS: In our study, patients with DM-1 and HbA1c ≤ 7% were most often college graduates and spent more time practicing intense physical activity than patients with poor metabolic control (AU)

Impacto de la actividad física sobre el control metabólico y el desarrollo de complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Impact of physical activity on metabolic control and the development of chronic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

La realización de actividad física regular constituye, junto con la dieta equilibrada, uno de los pilares básicos del tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus (DM). La práctica de actividad física en personas con DM, teóricamente, ofrece las mismas ventajas que sobre la población general, y además ciertos efectos beneficiosos, en cuanto al control metabólico de la enfermedad, como mejorar los niveles de glucemia y aumentar la acción o sensibilidad a la insulina. En la presente revisión se analizan los principales estudios clínicos publicados hasta la actualidad que evalúan el impacto de la actividad física sobre el control metabólico o el desarrollo de complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. A modo de conclusión podemos afirmar que la mayoría de los estudios evaluados evidencian que la práctica de actividad física regular afecta favorablemente al control metabólico de la DM (o al menos no lo empeora), existiendo insuficiente información al respecto del impacto de la actividad física sobre el desarrollo y la progresión de complicaciones crónicas (AU)

Together with a balanced diet, regular physical activity is one of the pillars of diabetes mellitus (DM) management. Physical activity theoretically provides the same advantages in people with DM as in the general population and also has some beneficial effects in controlling metabolic factors, such as improving blood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity. In this article, we analyze the main clinical studies published to date that evaluate the impact of physical activity on metabolic control or the development of chronic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, most of the evaluated studies show that regular physical activity favorably affects metabolic control in DM (or at least does not have adverse effects). However, there is insufficient information about the impact of physical activity on the development and progression of chronic complications (AU)

[Impact of physical activity on metabolic control and the development of chronic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. / Impacto de la actividad física sobre el control metabólico y el desarrollo de complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

Together with a balanced diet, regular physical activity is one of the pillars of diabetes mellitus (DM) management. Physical activity theoretically provides the same advantages in people with DM as in the general population and also has some beneficial effects in controlling metabolic factors, such as improving blood glucose levels and insulin sensitivity. In this article, we analyze the main clinical studies published to date that evaluate the impact of physical activity on metabolic control or the development of chronic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, most of the evaluated studies show that regular physical activity favorably affects metabolic control in DM (or at least does not have adverse effects). However, there is insufficient information about the impact of physical activity on the development and progression of chronic complications.